Benzimidazole derivatives as therapeutic agents | Patent Publication Number 20030032663

US 20030032663 A1
Patent NumberUS 07087632 B2
Application Number10091609
Filled DateMar 5, 2002
Priority DateMar 5, 2001
Publication DateFeb 13, 2003
Original AssigneeTranstech Pharma Inc.
Current AssigneeTranstech Pharma Inc.
Inventor/ApplicantsRamesh Gopalaswamy
Adnan M. M. Mjalli
Ramesh Gopalaswamy
Adnan M. M. Mjalli
International
2
A61K
C07D
National
4
514/394
548/309.7
514/394.
548/304.400
Field of Search
0
This invention provides certain compounds, methods of their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds, and their use in treating human or animal disorders. The compounds of the invention are useful as modulators of the interaction between the receptor for advanced glycated end products (RAGE) and its ligands, such as advanced glycated end products (AGEs), S100/calgranulin/EN-RAGE, -amyloid and amphoterin, and for the management, treatment, control, or as an adjunct treatment for diseases in humans caused by RAGE. Such diseases or disease states include acute and chronic inflammation, the development of diabetic late complications such as increased vascular permeability, nephropathy, atherosclerosis, and retinopathy, the development of Alzheimer's disease, erectile dysfunction, and tumor invasion and metastasis.
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STATEMENT OF RELATED APPLICATION 0001 The present application claims priority under 35 USC 119 from US Provisional application S/N 60/273,377 filed on Mar. 5, 2001 entitled Benzimidazole Derivatives As Therapeutic Agents.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION 0002 This invention relates to compounds which are modulators of the receptor for advanced glycated end products (RAGE) and interaction with its ligands such as advanced glycated end products (AGEs), S100/calgranulin/EN-RAGE, -amyloid and amphoterin, for the management, treatment, control, or as an adjunct treatment of diseases caused by RAGE.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 0003 Incubation of proteins or lipids with aldose sugars results in nonenzymatic glycation and oxidation of amino groups on proteins to form Amadori adducts. Over time, the adducts undergo additional rearrangements, dehydrations, and cross-linking with other proteins to form complexes known as Advanced Glycosylation End Products (AGEs). Factors which promote formation of AGEs included delayed protein turnover (e.g. as in amyloidoses), accumulation of macromolecules having high lysine content, and high blood glucose levels (e.g. as in diabetes) (Hori et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270: 25752-761, (1995)). AGEs have implicated in a variety of disorders including complications associated with diabetes and normal aging. 0004 AGEs display specific and saturable binding to cell surface receptors on endothelial cells of the microvasculature, monocytes and macrophages, smooth muscle cells, mesengial cells, and neurons. The Receptor for Advanced Glycated Endproducts (RAGE) is a member of the immunoglobulin super family of cell surface molecules. The extracellular (N-terminal) domain of RAGE includes three immunoglobulin-type regions, one V (variable) type domain followed by two C-type (constant) domains (Neeper et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267:14998-15004 (1992). A single transmembrane spanning domain and a short, highly charged cytosolic tail follow the extracellular domain. The N-terminal, extracellular domain can be isolated by proteolysis of RAGE to generate soluble RAGE (sRAGE) comprised of the V and C domains. 0005 RAGE is expressed in most tissues, and in particular, is found in cortical neurons during embryogenesis (Hori et al., J. Biol. Chem. 270:25752-761 (1995)). Increased levels of RAGE are also found in aging tissues (Schleicher et al., J. Clin. Invest. 99 (3): 457-468 (1997)), and the diabetic retina, vasculature and kidney (Schmidt et al., Nature Med. 1:1002-1004 (1995)). Activation of RAGE in different tissues and organs leads to a number of pathophysiological consequences. RAGE has been implicated in a variety of conditions including: acute and chronic inflammation (Hofmann et al., Cell 97:889-901 (1999)), the development of diabetic late complications such as increased vascular permeability (Wautier et al., J. Clin. Invest 97:238-243 (1995)), nephropathy (Teillet et al., J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 11:1488-1497 (2000)), atherosclerosis (Vlassara et. al., The Finnish Medical Society DUODECIM, Ann. Med. 28:419-426 (1996)), and retinopathy (Hammes et al., Diabetologia 42:603-607 (1999)). RAGE has also been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (Yan et al., Nature 382: 685-691, (1996)), erectile dysfunction, and in tumor invasion and metastasis (Taguchi et al., Nature 405: 354-357, (2000)). 0006 In addition to AGEs, other compounds can bind to, and modulate RAGE. In normal development, RAGE interacts with amphoterin, a polypeptide which mediates neurite outgrowth in cultured embryonic neurons (Hori et al., 1995). RAGE has also been shown to interact with EN-RAGE, a protein having substantial similarity to calgranulin (Hofmann et al., Cell 97:889-901 (1999)). RAGE has also been shown to interact with -amyloid (Yan et al., Nature 389:589-595, (1997); Yan et al., Nature 382:685-691 (1996); Yan et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci., 94:5296-5301 (1997)). 0007 Binding of ligands such as AGEs, S100/calgranulin/EN-RAGE, -amyloid, CML (N-Carboxymethyl lysine), and amphoterin to RAGE has been shown to modify expression of a variety of genes. For example, in many cell types interaction between RAGE and its ligands generates oxidative stress, which thereby results in activation of the free radical sensitive transcription factor NF-B, and the activation of NF-B regulated genes, such as the cytokines IL-1, TNF-, and the like. In addition, several other regulatory pathways, such as those involving p21ras, MAP kinases, ERK1 and ERK2, have been shown to be activated by binding of AGEs and other ligands to RAGE. In fact, transcription of RAGE itself is regulated at least in part by NF-B. Thus, an ascending, and often detrimental, spiral is fueled by a positive feedback loop initiated by ligand binding. Antagonizing binding of physiological ligands to RAGE, therefore, is our target for down-regulation of the pathophysiological changes brought about by excessive concentrations of AGEs and other ligands for RAGE. 0008 Thus, there is a need for the development of compounds that antagonize binding of physiological ligands to the RAGE receptor.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 0009 This invention provides certain substituted benzimidazole compounds. Embodiments of the present invention provides compound of Formula (I) as depicted below; methods of their preparation; pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds; and methods for their use in treating human or animal disorders. Compounds of the invention are useful as modulators of the interaction of the receptor for advanced glycated end products (RAGE) with its ligands such as advanced glycated end products (AGEs), S100/calgranulin/EN-RAGE, -amyloid and amphoterin. The compounds are useful in a variety of applications including for the management, treatment, control, and/or as an adjunct of diseases in humans caused by RAGE. Such diseases or disease states include acute and chronic inflammation, the development of diabetic late complications such as increased vascular permeability, nephropathy, atherosclerosis, and retinopathy, the development of Alzheimer's disease, erectile dysfunction, and tumor invasion and metastasis.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 0010 In a first aspect, the present invention provides certain substituted benzimidazole compounds. Such compounds are useful in the modulation, preferably in the inhibition, of the interaction of RAGE with its physiological ligands, as will be discussed in more detail below. 0011 In a second aspect, the present invention provides compounds of Formula (I): 10012 wherein 0013 m is an integer of from 0 to 3; 0014 n is an integer of from 0 to 3; 0015 R1 comprises aryl; 0016 R2 comprises 0017 a) a group of the formula N(R9R10), NHC(O)R9, or NHC(O)OR9; 0018 b) a group of the formula OR9; 0019 c) a group of the formula SR9, SOR9, SO2R9, SO2NHR9, or SO2N(R9R10); 0020 wherein R9 and R10 independently comprise 0021 1) H; 0022 2) -Aryl; 0023 3) a group comprising 0024 a) C1-6 alkyl; 0025 b) C1-6 alkylaryl; 20026 e) -aryl; 0027 f) C1-6 alkyl; or 0028 g) C1-6 alkylaryl; 0029 R3 and R4 independently comprise 0030 a) H; 0031 b) -aryl; 0032 c) C1-6 alkyl; 0033 d) C1-6 alkylaryl; or 0034 e) C1-6 alkoxyaryl; 0035 R5, R6, R7, and R8 independently comprise 0036 a) H; 0037 b) C1-6alkyl; 0038 c) -aryl; 0039 d) C1-6 alkylaryl; 0040 e) C(O)OC1-6 alkyl; 0041 f) C(O)OC1-6 alkylaryl; 0042 g) C(O)NHC1-6 alkyl; 0043 h) C(O)NHC1-6 alkylaryl; 0044 i) SO2C1-6 alkyl; 0045 j) SO2C1-6 alkylaryl; 0046 k) SO2-aryl; 0047 l) SO2NHC1-6 alkyl; 0048 m) SO2NHC1-6 alkylaryl; 0049 n) C(O)C1-6 alkyl; 0050 o) C(O)C1-6alkylaryl; 0051 p) YC1-6 alkyl; 0052 q) Y-aryl; 0053 r) YC-1-6 alkylaryl; 0054 s) YC1-6 alkylene-NR13R14; or 0055 t) YC1-6 alkylene-WR15; 0056 wherein Y and W independently comprise CH2, O, N(H), S, SO2, CON(H), NHC(O), NHCON(H), NHSO2, SO2N(H), C(O)O, NHSO2NH, OCO, 30057 R16 and R17 independently comprise aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkylaryl, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C6 alkoxyaryl; 0058 R15 independently comprise aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C6 alkylaryl; or 0059 u) halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, carbamoyl, or carboxyl; 0060 R11, R12, R13, and R14 independently comprise hydrogen, aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkylaryl, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C6 alkoxyaryl; 0061 R13 and R14 may be taken together to form a ring having the formula (CH2)oX(CH2)p bonded to the nitrogen atom to which R13 and R14 are attached, and/or R11 and R12 may, independently, be taken together to form a ring having the formula (CH2)oX(CH2)p bonded to the atoms to which R11 and R12 are connected, wherein o and p are, independently, 1, 2, 3, or 4; X comprises a direct bond, CH2, O, S, S(O2), C(O), CON(H), NHC(O), NHCON(H), NHSO2, SO2N(H), C(O)O, OC(O), NHSO2NH, 40062 wherein the aryl and/or alkyl group(s) in R1, R2, R3, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14 R15, R16, R17, R18, and R19 may be optionally substituted 1-4 times with a substituent group, wherein said substituent group(s) or the term substituted refers to groups comprising: 0063 a) H; 0064 b) ZC1-6 alkyl; 0065 Z-aryl; 0066 ZC1-6 alkylaryl; 0067 ZC1-6-alkyl-NR20R21; 0068 ZC1-6-alkyl-WR22; 0069 wherein Z and W independently comprise CH2, O, N(H), S, SO2, CON(H), NHC(O), NHCON(H), NHSO2, SO2N(H), C(O)O, NHSO2NH, OCO, 50070 R20 and R21 independently comprise hydrogen, aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkylaryl, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C6 alkoxyaryl; 0071 R22, R23, and R24 independently comprise aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkylaryl, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C6 alkoxyaryl; or 0072 c) halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, carbamoyl, or carboxyl; and 0073 R20 and R21 may be taken together to form a ring having the formula (CH2)qX(CH2)r bonded to the nitrogen atom to which R20 and R21 are attached wherein q and r are, independently, 1, 2, 3, or 4; X comprises a direct bond, CH2, O, S, S(O2), C(O), CON(H), NHC(O), NHCON(H), NHSO2, SO2N(H), C(O)O, OC(O), NHSO2NH, 60074 R25, R26, and R27 independently comprise hydrogen, aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C6, alkylaryl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof.0075 In a preferred embodiment the present invention comprises compounds wherein m is an integer of from 0 to 3; n is 0; R3 is hydrogen, as represented by the formula (II) 70076 and wherein0077 R1 comprises an aryl group; 0078 R2 comprises a group of the formula N(R9R10), NHC(O)R9, or NHC(O)OR9; 0079 wherein R9and R10 independently comprise 0080 1) H; 0081 2) -Aryl; or 0082 3) a group comprising C1-6 alkyl or C1-6 alkylaryl; 0083 R4 comprises 0084 a) H; 0085 b) -aryl; 0086 c) C1-6 alkyl; 0087 d) C1-6 alkylaryl; or 0088 e) C1-6 alkoxyaryl; 0089 R5, R6, R7, and R8 independently comprise 0090 a) H; 0091 b) C1-6 alkyl; 0092 c) -aryl; 0093 d) C1-6 alkylaryl; 0094 e) C(O)OC1-6 alkyl; 0095 f) C(O)OC1-6 alkylaryl; 0096 g) C(O)NHC1-6 alkyl; 0097 h) C(O)NHC1-6 alkylaryl; 0098 i) SO2C1-6 alkyl; 0099 j) SO2C1-6 alkylaryl; 0100 k) SO2-aryl; 0101 l) SO2NHC1-6 alkyl; 0102 m) SO2NHC1-6 alkylaryl 0103 n) C(O)C1-6 alkyl; 0104 o) C(O)C1-6 alkylaryl; 0105 p) YC1-6 alkyl; 0106 q) Y-aryl; 0107 r) YC1-6 alkylaryl; 0108 s) YC1-6alkyleneNR13R14; or 0109 t) YC1-6 alkylene-WR15; 0110 wherein Y and W independently comprise CH2, O, N(H), S, SO2, CON(H), NHC(O), NHCON(H), NHSO2, SO2N(H), C(O)O, NHSO2NH, OCO, 80111 R16 and R17 independently comprise aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkylaryl, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C6 alkoxyaryl; 0112 R15 comprises aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C6 alkylaryl, or 0113 u) halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, carbamoyl, or carboxyl; 0114 R13, and R14 independently comprise hydrogen, aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkylaryl, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C6 alkoxyaryl; 0115 R13 and R14 may be taken together to form a ring having the formula (CH2)oX(CH2)p bonded to the nitrogen atom to which R13 and R14 are attached, wherein o and p are, independently, 1, 2, 3, or 4; X comprises a direct bond, CH2, O, S, S(O2), C(O), CON(H), NHC(O), NHCON(H), NHSO2, SO2N(H), C(O)O, OC(O), NHSO2NH, 90116 and wherein the aryl and/or alkyl group(s) in R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R13, R14 R15, R16, R17, R18, and R19 may be optionally substituted 1-4 times with a substituent group, wherein said substituent group(s) or the term substituted refers to groups comprising: 0117 a) H; 0118 b) ZC1-6 alkyl; 0119 Z-aryl; 0120 ZC1-6 alkylaryl; 0121 ZC1-6-alkylNR20R21; and 0122 ZC1-6-alkyl-WR22; 0123 wherein Z and W independently comprise CH2, O, N(H), S, SO2, CON(H), NHC(O), NHCON(H), NHSO2, SO2N(H), C(O)O, NHSO2NH, OCO, 100124 R20 and R21 independently comprise hydrogen, aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkylaryl, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C6 alkoxyaryl; and 0125 R22, R23, and R24 independently comprise aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkylaryl, C1-C6 alkoxy, or C1-C6 alkoxyaryl; or 0126 c) halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, carbamoyl, or carboxyl; and 0127 R20 and R21 may be taken together to form a ring having the formula (CH2)qX(CH2)r bonded to the nitrogen atom to which R20 and R21 are attached wherein q and r are, independently, 1, 2, 3, or 4; X comprise a direct bond, CH2, O, S, S(O2), C(O), CON(H), NHC(O), NHCON(H), NHSO2, SO2N(H), C(O)O, OC(O), NHSO2NH, 110128 R25, R26, and R27 independently comprise hydrogen, aryl, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C6 alkylaryl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof. 0129 In the compounds of Formula (I) and (II), the various functional groups represented should be understood to have a point of attachment at the functional group having the hyphen. In other words, in the case of C1-6 alkylaryl, it should be understood that the point of attachment is the alkyl group; an example would be benzyl. In the case of a group such as C(O)NHC1-6 alkylaryl, the point of attachment is the carbonyl carbon. 0130 In the above Formula (I), the subscripts m and n indicate the presence of up to 3 methylene linkages; in other words, if m is 3, the R1 group will be bonded via a CH2CH2CH2 linkage. If m is zero, the R1 group will be directly attached, i.e., via a covalent bond. 0131 Also included within the scope of the invention are the individual enantiomers of the compounds represented by Formula (I) above as well as any wholly or partially racemic mixtures thereof. The present invention also covers the individual enantiomers of the compounds represented by the Formula above as mixtures with diastereoisomers thereof in which one or more stereocenters are inverted. 0132 Compounds of the present invention preferred for their high biological activity are listed by name below in Table 1. 1TABLE 1ExampleStructureChemical Name1122-(1R)-2-(4- Benzyloxypheny)-1-tert- butoxycarbonylamino-1- ethyl-3-butyl-5-(3- diethylamino-1- propoxy)benzimidazole 2132-(1R)-2-(4- Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-amino- 1-ethyl-3-butyl-5-(3- diethylamino-1- propaxy)benzimidazole Trihydrochloride 3142-(1R)-2-(4- Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-tert- butoxycarbonylamino-1- ethyl-3-butyl-6-(3- diethylamino-1- propoxy)benzimidazole 4152-(1R)-2-(4- Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-amino 1-ethyl-3-butyl-6-(3- diethylamino-1- propoxy)benzimidazole 5162-(1R)-2-(4- Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-tert butoxycarbonylamino-1- ethyl-6-(3-diethylamino-1- propoxy)benzimidazole 6172-(1R)-2-(4- Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-amino- 1-ethyl-6-(3-diethylamino- 1-propoxy)benzimidazole 7182-2-(3-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1- (tert-butoxycarbonylamino) 1-ethyll-3-butyl-5-(3- diethylamino-1- propoxy)benzimidazole 8192-(1R)-2-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)- 1-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-1- ethyl-3-butyl-5-(3- diethylamino-1- propoxy)benzimidazole 9202-(1R)-2-(4-(4- Chloro)phenethoxy)phenyl) 1-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-1- ethyl-3-butyl-5-(3- diethylamino-1- propoxy)benzimidazole 10212-(1R)-2-(4- Benzylaxyphenyl)-1-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-1- ethyl-3-(3-diethylamino-1- propyl)-5-(3-diethylamino-1- propoxy)benzimidazole 11222-(1R)-2-(4- Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-1- ethyl-3-ethyl-5-(3- diethylamino-1- propoxy)benzimidazole 12232-(1R)-2-(4- Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-amino- 1-ethyl-3-(3-diethylamino- 1-propyl)-5-(3-diethylamino- 1-propoxy)benzimidazole 13242-(1R)-2-(4- Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-(tert butoxycarbonylamino)-1- ethyl-3-benzyl-5-(3- diethylamino-1- propoxy)benzimidazole 14252-(1R)-2-(4- Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-amino- 1-ethyl-3-benzyl-5-(3- diethylamino-1- propoxy)benzimidazole 15262-(1R)-2-(4- Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-(tert- butoxycarbonylamino)-1- ethyl-3-propyl-5-(3- diethylamino-1- propoxy)benzimidazole 16272-(1R)-2-(4- Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-amino- 1-ethyl-3-propyl-5-(3- diethylamino-1- propoxy)benzimidazole
0133 In another aspect, the present invention comprises a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II), and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or diluents. 0134 In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of an oral dosage or parenteral dosage unit. Preferably, the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) is administered as a dose in a range from about 0.01 to 500 mg/kg of body weight per day. More preferably, the compound is administered as a dose in a range from about 0.1 to 200 mg/kg of body weight per day. Even more preferably, the compound is administered as a dose in a range from about 0.1 to 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. 0135 In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition further comprises one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, antibiotics, hormones, biologic response modifiers, analgesics, NSAIDs, DMARDs, glucocorticoids, sulfonylureas, biguanides, insulin, cholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. 0136 In another aspect, the present invention comprises a method for the inhibition of the interaction of RAGE with its physiological ligands, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof, at least one compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II). 0137 In an embodiment, the ligand(s) is(are) selected from advanced glycated end products (AGEs), S100/calgranulin/EN-RAGE, -amyloid and amphoterin. 0138 In yet another aspect, the present invention comprises methods for treating a disease state selected from the group consisting of acute and chronic inflammation, symptoms of diabetes, vascular permeability, nephropathy, atherosclerosis, retinopathy, Alzheimer's disease, erectile dysfunction, and tumor invasion and/or metastasis, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II). 0139 In yet another aspect, the present invention comprises methods for prevention and/or treatment of RAGE mediated human diseases comprising administration to a human in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) as claimed in claim 1, wherein a therapeutically effective amount comprises sufficient compound to at least partially inhibit the binding of a ligand to the RAGE receptor. 0140 In an embodiment, the method includes administering to a subject in need thereof at least one adjuvant and/or additional therapeutic agent(s). Preferably, the therapeutic agents are selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, antibiotics, hormones, biologic response modifiers, analgesics, NSAIDs, DMARDs, glucocorticoids, sulfonylureas, biguanides, insulin, cholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. 0141 Also preferably, the RAGE mediated human disease comprise acute and/or chronic inflammation, abnormal vascular permeability, nephropathy, atherosclerosis, retinopathy, Alzheimer's disease, erectile dysfunction, tumor invasion and/or metastasis. 0142 As used herein, the term alkyl refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon having the number of specified carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl as used herein include, but are not limited to, methyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, isobutyl, and isopropyl, and the like. 0143 As used herein, the term alkoxy refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon having the number of specified carbon atoms attached to an oxygen atom. Examples of alkoxy as used herein include, but are not limited to, methoxy, n-butoxy, n-pentoxy, isobutoxy, and isopropoxy, and the like. 0144 As used herein, the term aryl refers to a five- to seven-membered aromatic ring, or to an optionally substituted benzene ring system, optionally containing one or more nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur heteroatoms, where N-oxides and sulfur monoxides and sulfur dioxides are permissible substitutions. Such a ring may be fused to one or more five- to seven-membered aromatic rings optionally containing one or more nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur heteroatoms. Preferred aryl groups include phenyl, biphenyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-naphthyl, phenanthryl, 1-anthracenyl, pyridyl, furyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, indolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzofuryl, isobenzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzindoyl, pyrazolyl, isoindolyl, purinyl, carbazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, and the like. In this regard, especially preferred aryl groups include phenyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-naphthyl, biphenyl, and like ring systems optionally substituted by tert-butyloxy, benzyloxy, phenethyloxy, n-butyloxy, ispropyloxy, and phenoxy. 0145 As used herein, the term alkylene refers to a straight or branched chain divalent hydrocarbon radical having the specified number of carbon atoms. Examples of alkylene as used herein include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, and the like. 0146 As used herein, the term alkenylene refers to a straight or branched chain divalent hydrocarbon radical having the specified number of carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples of alkenylene as used herein include, but are not limited to, ethene-1,2-diyl, propene-1,3-diyl, methylene-1,1-diyl, and the like. 0147 As used herein, the term alkynylene refers to a straight or branched chain divalent hydrocarbon radical having the spefied number of carbon atoms and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. Examples of alkynylene as used herein include, but are not limited to, ethyne-1,2-diyl, propyne-1,3-diyl, and the like. 0148 As used herein, the term optionally means that the subsequently described event(s) may or may not occur, and includes both event(s) which occur and events that do not occur. 0149 As used herein, the term substituted refers to substitution with the named substituent or substituents, multiple degrees of substitution being allowed unless otherwise stated. 0150 As used herein, the chemical structure terms contain or containing refer to in-line substitutions at any position along the above defined substituent at one or more of any of O, S, SO, SO2, N, or N-alkyl, including, for example, CH2OCH2, CH2SO2CH2, CH2NHCH3 and so forth. 0151 As used herein, the term solvate is a complex of variable stoichiometry formed by a solute (in this invention, a compound of Formula (I)) and a solvent. Such solvents for the purpose of the invention may not interfere with the biological activity of the solute. Solvents may be, by way of example, water, ethanol, or acetic acid. 0152 As used herein, the term biohydrolyzable ester is an ester of a drug substance (in this invention, a compound of Formula (I)) which either a) does not interfere with the biological activity of the parent substance but confers on that substance advantageous properties in vivo such as duration of action, onset of action, and the like, or b) is biologically inactive but is readily converted in vivo by the subject to the biologically active principle. The advantage is that, for example, the biohydrolyzable ester is orally absorbed from the gut and is transformed to (I) in plasma. Many examples of such are known in the art and include by way of example lower alkyl esters (e.g., C1-C4), lower acyloxyalkyl esters, lower alkoxyacyloxyalkyl esters, alkoxyacyloxy esters, alkyl acylamino alkyl esters, and choline esters. 0153 As used herein, the term biohydrolyzable amide is an amide of a drug substance (in this invention, a compound of general Formula (I)) which either a) does not interfere with the biological activity of the parent substance but confers on that substance advantageous properties in vivo such as duration of action, onset of action, and the like, or b) is biologically inactive but is readily converted in vivo by the subject to the biologically active principle. The advantage is that, for example, the biohydrolyzable amide is orally absorbed from the gut and is transformed to (I) in plasma. Many examples of such are known in the art and include by way of example lower alkyl amides, -amino acid amides, alkoxyacyl amides, and alkylaminoalkylcarbonyl amides. 0154 As used herein, the term prodrug includes biohydrolyzable amides and biohydrolyzable esters and also encompasses a) compounds in which the biohydrolyzable functionality in such a prodrug is encompassed in the compound of Formula (I): for example, the lactam formed by a carboxylic group in R2 and an amine in R4, and b) compounds which may be oxidized or reduced biologically at a given functional group to yield drug substances of Formula (I). Examples of these functional groups include, but are not limited to, 1,4-dihydropyridine, N-alkylcarbonyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, 1,4-cyclohexadiene, tert-butyl, and the like. The term pharmacologically effective amount shall mean that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, animal or human that is being sought by a researcher or clinician. This amount can be a therapeutically effective amount. 0155 Whenever the terms alkyl or aryl or either of their prefix roots appear in a name of a substituent (e.g. arylalkoxyaryloxy) they shall be interpreted as including those limitations given above for alkyl and aryl. Alkyl substituents shall be recognized as being functionally equivalent to those having one or more degrees of unsaturation. Designated numbers of carbon atoms (e.g. C1-6) shall refer independently to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl moiety or to the alkyl portion of a larger substituent in which the term alkyl appears as its prefix root. Similarly, the term C2-C8 alkenyl and C2-C8 alkynyl refer to groups having from 2 to 8 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond, respectively. 0156 As used herein, the term oxo shall refer to the substituent O. 0157 As used herein, the term halogen or halo shall include iodine, bromine, chlorine and fluorine. 0158 As used herein, the term mercapto shall refer to the substituent SH. 0159 As used herein, the term carboxy shall refer to the substituent COOH. 0160 As used herein, the term cyano shall refer to the substituent CN. 0161 As used herein, the term aminosulfonyl shall refer to the substituent SO2NH2. 0162 As used herein, the term carbamoyl shall refer to the substituent C(O)NH2. 0163 The present invention also provides methods for the synthesis of compounds useful as intermediates in the preparation of compounds of Formula (I) along with methods for the preparation of compounds of Formula (I). 0164 For example, an aldehyde (1) may be condensed with a phenylenediamine compound (2) in a solvent such as ethanol at a temperature of from 25 to 100 degrees Celsuis, to obtain the product benzimidazole (3), where the intermediate adduct undegoes spontaneous oxidation (Scheme 1). 280165 In another embodiment, the aldehyde (1) (Scheme 2) may be synthesized by treatment of the acid (4) with isobutyl chioroformate in the presence of a base such as NMM, in a solvent such as THF, followed by treatment with N-methyl-O-methylhydroxylamine, to form the intermediate O,N-dimethylamide. The amide may be isolated, and treated with LAH in THF or ether at 0 C. to afford the aldehyde (1). Alternately, the aldehyde (1) may be synthesized by treatment of the acid (4) with isobutyl chloroformate in the presence of a base such as NMM, in a solvent such as THF, followed by treatment with sodium borohydride to give the primary alcohol as an intermediate. The alcohol may be oxidized with a reagent such as DMSO/oxalyl chloride, followed by treatment with triethylamine, in DCM at 78 C. to 0 C., to give the aldehyde (1). Alternately, the alcohol intermediate may be oxidized by treatment with pyridinium dichromate in DCM at a temperature of from 0 C to 25 C., to afford the aldehyde (1). 290166 Scheme 3 describes the synthesis of substituted arylenediamines. 300167 Thus, in an embodiment, an ortho-fluoro nitrophenol such as (5) may be alkylated with an alkyl halide or other alkylating agent R28LG1, in the presence of an alkali metal carbonate as base in a solvent such as DMF or acetonitrile. LG1 may represent a nucleofugal group such as iodide, bromide, methanesulfonate, and the like. In this transformation, R28 is alkyl or a group capable of undergoing nucleophilic displacement at the carbon bearing LG1. The intermediate may be treated with with an amine R4NH2 in the presence of a tertiary amine base, in a solvent such as THF, at a temperature of from 0 C. to 100 C., to afford (6). Reduction of the nitro group in (6) may be accomplished by treatment of (6) in neutral or acidic ethanol with stannous chloride at a temperature of from 25 C. to 100 C. to afford the aniline (7). Alternately, (6) may be reduced by treatment of (6) with a noble metal catalyst such as palladium on charcoal and a hydrogen source such as gaseous hydrogen or ammonium formate, in a solvent such as ethanol, at a temperature of from 25 C. to 80 C., to afford (7). The difluoronitroaromatic compound (8) may be employed in similar manner, where in (8), one fluoro is ortho to the nitro group. Treatment of (8) with the one equivalent of amine R4NH2 gives preferential substitution of the ortho fluorine. The second fluorine in the intermediate may be substituted by an alcohol R28OH to afford (9). In this instance, R28 may be alkyl or aryl. Reduction of the nitro group in (9) as before with stannous chloride provides (7). 0168 Scheme 4 describes the synthesis of phenyl ethers (11). 310169 Thus, in an embodiment, a phenol (10) may be treated with an alcohol R29OH, triphenylphosphine or other suitable phosphine reagent, and diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) or diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD), in a solvent such as THF at a temperature of from 70 C. to 25 C. to give (11). R29 is an alkyl group, preferentially primary or secondary in nature. Alternately, (10) may be treated with R29LG1 in the presence of an alkali metal carbonate or other suitable base, in a solvent such as DMF, acetone, or acetonitrile, at a temperature of from 25 C. to 100 C., to provide (11). 0170 Described below are general procedures used in the methods of the present invention. 0171 General Experimental 0172 LC-MS data was obtained using gradient elution on a Waters 600 controller equipped with a 2487 dual wavelength detector and a Leap Technologies HTS PAL Autosampler using an YMC Combiscreen ODS-A 504.6 mm column. A three minute gradient was run from 25% B (97.5% acetonitrile, 2.5% water, 0.05% TFA) and 75% A (97.5% water, 2.5% acetonitrile, 0.05% TFA) to 100% B. The MS was a Micromass ZMD instrument. All data was obtained in the positive mode unless otherwise noted. 1H NMR data was obtained on a Varian 300 MHz spectrometer. 0173 Abbreviations used in the Examples are as follows: 0174 APCIatmospheric pressure chemical ionization 0175 BOCtert-butoxycarbonyl 0176 BOP(1-benzotriazolyloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate 0177 dday 0178 DIADdiisopropyl azodicarboxylate 0179 DCCdicyclohexylcarbodiimide 0180 DCMdichloromethane 0181 DIEAdiisopropylethylamine 0182 DMFN,N-dimethylformamide 0183 DMPU1,3-dimethypropylene urea 0184 DMSOdimethylsulfoxide 0185 EDC1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide hydrochloride 0186 EDTAethylenediamine tetraacetic acid 0187 ELISAenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 0188 ESIelectrospray ionization 0189 etherdiethyl ether 0190 EtOAcethyl acetate 0191 FBSfetal bovine serum 0192 ggram 0193 hhour 0194 HBTUO-benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N,N-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate 0195 HMPAhexamethylphosphoric triamide 0196 HOBt1-hydroxybenzotriazole 0197 Hzhertz 0198 i.v.intravenous 0199 kDkiloDalton 0200 Lliter 0201 LAHlithium aluminum hydride 0202 LDAlithium diisopropylamide 0203 LPSlipopolysaccharide 0204 Mmolar 0205 m/zmass to charge ratio 0206 mbarmillibar 0207 MeOHmethanol 0208 mgmilligram 0209 minminute 0210 mLmilliliter 0211 mMmillimolar 0212 mmolmillimole 0213 molmole 0214 mpmelting point 0215 MSmass spectrometry 0216 Nnormal 0217 NMMN-methylmorpholine, 4-methylmorpholine 0218 NMRnuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 0219 p.o.per oral 0220 PBSphosphate buffered saline solution 0221 PMAphorbol myristate acetate 0222 ppmparts per million 0223 psipounds per square inch 0224 Rfrelative TLC mobility 0225 rtroom temperature 0226 s.c.subcutaneous 0227 SPAscintillation proximity assay 0228 TEAtriethylamine 0229 TFAtrifluoroacetic acid 0230 THFtetrahydrofuran 0231 THPtetrahydropyranyl 0232 TLCthin layer chromatography 0233 Trretention time 0234 Thus, in an embodiment, the following compounds were synthesized according to the Schemes described herein.
General Procedures 0235 General Procedure I: Synthesis of Substituted Aldehydes 0236 Step A: A solution of substituted acid in CH2Cl2 (0.05-1 M )is cooled to 15 C. and treated with NMM (1-2 eq) and isobutyl chloroformate (1-2 eq). The resulting reaction mixture is stirred for 15 min at 15 C. and treated with solid N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (1-2 eq). Then the reaction mixture is allowed to warm up to rt gradually and stirring continued for another 45 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with DCM and washed with water and brine. The solution is then dried and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the crude amide. 0237 Step B: The crude amide is dissolved in diethyl ether (0.05-1 M) and cooled to 20 C. A 1 M solution of lithium aluminum hydride in THF (0.5-1 eq) is slowly added to the reaction mixture and the stirring is continued for 0.5-1 h at 20 C. Then methanol (1 mL) is added to the reaction mixture at 20 C. The reaction mixture is allowed to warm up to 0 C. and treated with 10% aq. potassium bisulfate. The resulting mixture is poured into a separatory funnel and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with 0.5 N HCl, water, and brine. The extract is then dried and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the crude aldehyde. 0238 General Procedure II: Synthesis of Hydroxy-substituted Phenylenediamines 0239 Step A: A 2-fluoronitroaromatic compound is dissolved in THF (0.05-1 M) and is treated with a primary amine (1-2 eq) and refluxed for 6 h. The reaction mixture is cooled to rt and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is redissolved in EtOAc. The mixture is washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, water, and brine. The organic phase is then dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the amine. 0240 Step B: The 2-alkylaminonitroaromatic compound obtained as above is dissolved in ethanol (0.05-1 M) and treated with tin (II) chloride dihydrate (2-10 eq). The contents are then refluxed overnight. The reaction mixture is then cooled to rt and treated with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution with stirring until the pH of the reaction mixture is 7-8. The precipitate formed is filtered off and the filtrate is concentrated to about volume and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer is washed with brine and dried over sodium sulfate. Solvent removal in vacuo affords the aniline. 0241 General Procedure III: Synthesis of Alkoxy-substituted Phenylenediamines 0242 Step A: A 2-fluoro-4-hydroxynitroaromatic compound is dissolved in DMF (0.05-1 M) and is treated with an alkyl halide or methanesulfonate (1.2-1.5 eq) and K2CO3 or Cs2CO3 (2 eq) and heated at 70-90 C. for 6-12 h. The reaction mixture is cooled to rt and diluted with water to afford a homogenous mixture. The solution is extracted with EtOAc twice. The combined organics is washed with water, and brine. The organic phase is then dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the 4-alkoxynitroaromatic compound. 0243 Step B: The 4-alkoxynitroaromatic compound obtained as above is dissolved in THF (0.05-1 M) and is treated with a pimary amine (1-2 eq) at rt. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is redissolved in EtOAc. The mixture is washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, water, and brine. The organic phase is then dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the nitroamine. 0244 Step C: The nitroamine compound is dissolved in ethanol (0.05-1 M) and is added with 10% Pd/C (100 mg/mmol). The reaction mixture is hydrogenated at rt under 1 atm pressure. The contents are filtered through a Celite pad and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the diamine. 0245 Alternatively, the nitroamine compound is reduced with tin (II) chloride as described in the general procedure 11 (Step B). 0246 General Procedure IV: Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzimidazoles 0247 Ortho-phenylenediamine compound and aldehyde compound (approx equimolar amounts of each) are mixed in ethanol (0.05-2 M) and the solution is refluxed overnight. The contents are then cooled to rt and concentrated in vacuo. The residue obtained was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 5% methanol/chloroform to afford the desired benzimidazole product. 0248 General Procedure V: Alkylation of Phenol 0249 A phenol is stirred in dry THF (0.05-1 M) and treated with an alcohol (1-2 eq) and triphenylphosphine (1-2 eq). The mixture is cooled to 0 C. and treated with diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD) or diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) (1-2 eq). The reaction mixture is allowed to warm up to rt and stirred under nitrogen atmosphere overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with water and the mixture is extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers are washed with water and brine and dried over Na2SO4. The solvent is removed in vacuo and the resulting product was purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford the alkylated phenol.
EXAMPLE 1 0250320251 A solution of BOCD(O-benzyl)tyrosine (557 mg) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) is cooled to 15 C. and treated with N-methylmorpholine (0.5 mL) and isobutyl chloroformate (0.3 mL). The resulting reaction mixture is stirred for 15 min at 15 C. and treated with solid N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (300 mg). Then the reaction mixture is allowed to warm up to room temperature gradually and stirring continued for another 45 min. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH2Cl2 (10 mL), washed with water (15 mL) and brine (15 mL). The solution is then dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the crude amide (760 mg) which was used for the next step without further purification. 0252 The crude amide from above is dissolved in diethyl ether (5 mL) and cooled to 20 C. A 1 M solution of lithium aluminum hydride in THF (4 mL) is slowly added to the reaction mixture and the stirring is continued for 45 min at 20 C. Then methanol (1 mL) is added to the reaction mixture at 20 C. The reaction mixture is allowed to warm up to 0 C. and treated with 10% aq. potassium bisulfate solution (10 mL). The resulting mixture is poured into a separatory funnel and extracted with ethyl acetate (210 mL) and layers separated. The organic layer is washed with 0.5 N HCl (20 mL), water (20 mL) and brine (20 mL). The extract is then dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the crude aldehyde (520 mg) which was used without further purification. 0253 3-Fluoro-4-nitrophenol (800 mg) is dissolved in THF (10 mL) and added with n-butylamine (1 mL) and refluxed for 6 h. The reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is redissolved in ethyl acetate (25 mL) and taken up in separatory funnel. The contents are washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (20 mL), water (20 mL) and brine (20 mL). The extract is then dried over sodium, sulfate, filtered and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the crude amine (950 mg) which was used without further purification. 0254 3-n-Butylamino-4-nitrophenol (450 mg) obtained as above is dissolved in ethanol (10 mL) and treated with tin (II) chloride dihydrate (3 g). The contents are then refluxed overnight. The reaction mixture is then cooled to room temperature and added with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution with stirring until the pH of the reaction mixture is 7-8. The precipitate formed is filtered off and the filtrate is concentrated to about of the original volume and diluted with ethyl acetate (20) and the layers separated. The organic layer is washed with brine (10 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate. Filtration and solvent removal in vacuo affords the crude aniline (300 mg) which was used without further purification. 0255 260 mg of the diaminophenol and 355 mg of the amino aldehyde obtained above from BOCD(O-benzyl)tyrosine is dissolved in ethanol (10 mL) and the solution is refluxed overnight. The contents are then cooled to room temperature and concentrated in vacuo. The residue obtained was passed through a column of silica gel and eluted with 5% methanol/chloroform to afford 240 mg of the desired benzimidazole product. 0256 170 mg of the benzimidazole product formed above is dissolved in dry THF (5 mL) and added with 3-diethylamino-1-propanol (150 L) and triphenylphosphine (262 mg). The contents are cooled to 0 C. and added with diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (200 L). The reaction mixture is allowed to warm up to room temperature and stirred under nitrogen atmosphere overnight. The reaction mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate/water (5 mL/3 mL) and the layers separated. The aqueous layer is further extracted with ethyl acetate (5 mL). The organic layers are combined and washed with water and brine and dried over Na2SO4. The solution is filtered and the solvent is removed in vacuo. The resulting crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography using triethylamine/methanol/CHCl3/hexane (1:2:40:40) as eluent to afford 120 mg of Example 1. LC: Tr 1.84 min; MS: m/z 629.4 (M1)
EXAMPLE 2 0257330258 40 mg of the Example 1 is stirred in 4 M HCl in dioxane (1 mL) overnight. Solvent is then removed in vacuo and the residue obtained is triturated with ether and stirred. The ether is decanted off and the ether wash is repeated twice more. The product is then dried under vacuum to afford the amine salt Example 2 as a pale yellow solid (30 mg). LC: Tr 1.65 min; MS: m/z 529.4 (MH).
EXAMPLE 3 0259340260 MsCl (6.0 mmol) was added dropwise at 0 C. to a stirred solution of 3-diethylamino-1-propanol (6.0 mmol), TEA (6.0 mmol) in anhydrous DCM (6 mL), and the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 10 min, and at room temperature for additional 1 h. After the removal of the solvent in vacuo, the solid residue was mixed with 4-chloro-3-nitrophenol (5.0 mmol), and K2CO3 (10 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (10 mL), following the general procedure III (Step A). The crude product is purified using silica gel column chromatography 5% MeOH/DCM as eluent to yield 2-chloro-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)nitrobenzene (1.3 g). 0261 The alkoxynitro compound (1 mmol) obtained as above is added with n-butylamine (2 mL) and copper (I) chloride (1 mmol) in a sealed tube and heated at 80 C. overnight. The reaction mixture is cooled to rt, diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (210 mL). The combined organic layers are then washed with water and brine and dried over Na2SO4. Removal of the solvent in vacuo yielded the product, 2-n-butylamino-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)nitrobenzene (300 mg) which is used for further transformation without any purification. 0262 The nitroamine obtained as above (0.8 mmol) is dissolved in EtOH (5 mL) and added with 10% Pd/C (80 mg). The reaction mixture is hydrogenated as in the general procedure III (Step C) to obtain the product, 2-n-butylamino-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)aniline (200 mg). 0263 A mixture of the diamine formed as above (0.5 mmol) and the aldehyde (0.5 mmol) obtained from the reduction of BOCD(O-benzyl)tyrosine (as described in example 1) are used according to the general procedure IV to afford the product, 2-(1R)-2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-1-ethyl-3-butyl-6-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole (100 mg). LC: Tr 2.15 min; MS: m/z 629.7 (MH).
EXAMPLE 4 0264350265 40 mg of the Example 3 is stirred in 4 M HCl in dioxane (1 mL) overnight. Solvent is then removed in vacuo and the residue obtained is triturated with ether and stirred. The ether is decanted off and the ether wash is repeated twice more. The product is then dried under vacuum to afford the amine 2-(1R)-2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-amino-1-ethyl-3-butyl-6-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole as hydrochloride salt (30 mg). LC: Tr 2.02 min; MS: m/z 529.7 (MH).
EXAMPLE 5 0266360267 A solution of 3-fluoro-4-nitrophenol (2 mmol) and methanesulfonate of 3-diethylamino-1-propanol (2.5 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) is added with K2CO3 (4 mmol) and heated following the general procedure III (Step A). The product, 2-fluoro-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)nitrobenzene is obtained (470 mg) after purification using silica gel column chromatography. 0268 The nitro compound obtained as above (1.5 mmol) is dissolved in DMF (4 mL) and added with ammonium carbonate (500 mg). The reaction mixture is then heated at 80 C. for 48 h. EtOAc (210 mL). The combined organic layers are then washed with water and brine and dried over Na2SO4. Removal of the solvent in vacuo yielded the 2-nitro-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)aniline (300 mg) which is used for further transformation without any purification. 0269 The nitroaniline obtained as above (0.8 mmol) is dissolved in EtOH (5 mL) and added with 10% Pd/C (80 mg). The reaction mixture is hydrogenated as in the general procedure III (Step C) to obtain the product, 2-amino-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)aniline (200 mg). 0270 A mixture of the diamine formed as above (0.5 mmol) and the aldehyde (0.5 mmol) obtained from the reduction of BOCD(O-benzyl)tyrosine (as described in example 1) are used according to the general procedure IV to afford the product, 2-(1R)-2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-1-ethyl-6-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole (90 mg). LC: Tr 1.91 min; MS: m/z 573.6 (MH).
EXAMPLE 6 0271370272 30 mg of the Example 3 is stirred in 4 M HCl in dioxane (1 mL) overnight. Solvent is then removed in vacuo and the residue obtained is triturated with ether and stirred. The ether is decanted off and the ether wash is repeated twice more. The product is then dried under vacuum to afford the 2-(1R)-2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-amino-1-ethyl-6-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole as hydrochloride salt (20 mg). LC: Tr 1.80 min; MS: m/z 473.6 (MH).
EXAMPLE 7 0273380274 A solution Boc-3-Tyr-OH (4.2 mmol) and benzyl bromide (10 mmol) in DMF (20 ml) is treated with K2CO3 (20 mmole) and stirred at room temperature for 20 h. The reaction mixture is diluted with ether (150 ml) and the contents are washed with water (2100 ml) and brine (150 ml) and dried over Na2SO4. After removal of the solvent a pale yellow oil is obtained which is dissolved in THF (20 mL). 2N aq. NaOH (20 ml) is added to the reaction mixture and stirred overnight. After completion of the reaction, ether (100 ml) and water (50 ml) are added and stirred vigorously. The ether layer was discarded and the aqueous layer was made acidic by addition of citric acid, the product was extracted with ether (340 ml) and dried (Na2SO4). Removal of the solvent in vacuo yielded the product, Boc-(O-benzyl)-3-Tyr-OH (1.6 g) as white solid. 0275 A solution of Boc-(O-benzyl)-3-Tyr-OH (600 mg) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) is cooled to 15 C. and treated with N-methylmorpholine (0.5 mL) and isobutyl chloroformate (0.3 mL). The resulting reaction mixture is stirred for 15 min at 15 C. and treated with solid N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (300 mg). The rest of the procedure is as described in example 1. The crude amide (730 mg) obtained was used for the next step without further purification. 0276 The crude amide from above is in diethyl ether (5 mL) is converted to the corresponding aldehyde using 1 M solution of lithium aluminum hydride in THF (4 mL) following the procedure described in example 1. The crude aldehyde (500 mg) was used without further purification. 0277 A solution of 2-fluoro-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)nitrobenzene (2 mmol; preparation described in Example 5) in THF (5 mL) is treated with n-butylamine (2.4 eq) at rt. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is redissolved in EtOAc (10 mL), washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, water, and brine. The organic phase is then dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the product, 2-n-butylamino-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)nitrobenzene (580 mg) which was used for further transformation without further purification. 0278 The nitroamine obtained as above (1.0 mmol) is dissolved in EtOH (5 mL) and added with 10% Pd/C (100 mg). The reaction mixture is hydrogenated as in the general procedure III (Step C) to obtain the product, 2-n-butylamino-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)aniline (260 mg). 0279 A mixture of the diamine formed as above (0.5 mmol) and the aldehyde (0.5 mmol) obtained from the reduction of BOC(O-benzyl)-3-Tyr-OH (described earlier) are used according to the general procedure IV to afford the product, 2-2-(3-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1-ethyl-3-butyl-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole (130 mg). LC: Tr 2.12 min; MS: m/z 630.0 (MH).
EXAMPLE 8 0280390281 A solution of Boc-(OEt)-Tyr-OH (2 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) is cooled to 15 C. and treated with N-methylmorpholine (0.5 mL) and isobutyl chloroformate (0.3 mL). The resulting reaction mixture is stirred for 15 min at 15 C. and treated with solid N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (300 mg). The rest of the procedure is as described in example 1. The crude amide (700 mg) obtained was used for the next step without further purification. 0282 The crude amide from above is in diethyl ether (5 mL) is converted to the corresponding aldehyde using 1 M solution of lithium aluminum hydride in THF (4 mL) following the procedure described in example 1. The crude aldehyde (500 mg) was used without further purification. 0283 A mixture of the aldehyde formed as above (0.5 mmol) and 2-n-butylamino-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)aniline (0.5 mmol; synthesis described in example 7) is used according to the general procedure IV to afford the product, 2-(1R)-2-(4-Ethoxyphenyl)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1-ethyl-3-butyl-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole (120 mg). LC: Tr 1.98 min; MS: m/z 568.0 (MH).
EXAMPLE 9 0284400285 A solution of Boc-D-Tyr-OH (2 mmol) and benzyl bromide (2.4 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added with DIEA (3 mmol) and stirred at rt. After the completion of the reaction, 4-chlorophenethyl alcohol (2.2 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture followed by triphenyl phosphine (2.2 mmol) and DIAD (2.4 mmol). The work-up is as described in general procedure V. The crude product, is purified by silica gel column chromatography to afford Boc-D(O-4-chlorophenethyl)-Tyr-OBn (800 mg). 0286 The benzyl ester formed above (1 mmol) is dissolved in ethyl acetate (10 mL) and treated with 5% Pd/C. The reaction mixture is hydrogenated at 1 atm for 10-20 min. The product formed, Boc-D(O-4-chlorophenethyl)-Tyr-OH (360 mg) is used for further transformation without any purification. 0287 A solution Boc-D(O-4-chlorophenethyl)-Tyr-OH (1 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) is cooled to 15 C. and treated with N-methylmorpholine (0.5 mL) and isobutyl chloroformate (0.3 mL). The resulting reaction mixture is stirred for 15 min at 15 C. and treated with solid N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (300 mg). The rest of the procedure is as described in example 1. The crude amide (400 mg) obtained was used for the next step without further purification. 0288 The crude amide from above is in diethyl ether (5 mL) is converted to the corresponding aldehyde using 1 M solution of lithium aluminum hydride in THF (4 mL) following the procedure described in example 1. The crude aldehyde (300 mg) was used without further purification. 0289 A mixture of the aldehyde formed as above (0.5 mmol) and 2-n-butylamino-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)aniline (0.5 mmol; synthesis described in example 7) is used according to the general procedure IV to afford the product, 2-(1R)-2-(4-(4-Chloro)phenethoxy)phenyl)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1-ethyl-3-butyl-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole (150 mg). LC: Tr 2.24 min; MS: m/z 678.0 (MH).
EXAMPLE 10 0290410291 A solution of 2-fluoro-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)nitrobenzene (2 mmol; preparation described in Example 5) in THF (5 mL) is treated with 3-diethylamino-1-propylamine (2.4 mmol at rt. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is redissolved in EtOAc (10 mL), washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, water, and brine. The organic phase is then dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the product, 2-(3-diethylamino-1-propylamino)-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)nitrobenzene (620 mg) which was used for further transformation without further purification. 0292 The nitroamine obtained as above (1.0 mmol) is dissolved in EtOH (5 mL) and added with 10% Pd/C (100 mg). The reaction mixture is hydrogenated as in the general procedure III (Step C) to obtain the product, 2-(3-diethylamino-1-propylamino)-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)aniline (300 mg). 0293 A mixture of the diamine formed as above (0.5 mmol) and the aldehyde (0.5 mmol) obtained from the reduction of BOC(O-benzyl)-Tyr-OH (described earlier) are used according to the general procedure IV to afford the product, 2-(1R)-2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1-ethyl-3-(3-diethylamino-1-propyl)-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole (160 mg). LC: Tr 1.90 min; MS: m/z 687.0 (MH).
EXAMPLE 11 0294420295 A solution of 2fluoro-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)nitrobenzene (2 mmol; preparation described in Example 5) in THF (5 mL) is treated with ethylamine (4 mmol) at rt. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is redissolved in EtOAc (10 mL), washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, water, and brine. The organic phase is then dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the product, 2-(ethylamino)-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)nitrobenzene (520 mg) which was used for further transformation without further purification. 0296 The nitroamine obtained as above (1.0 mmol) is dissolved in EtOH (5 mL) and added with 10% Pd/C (100 mg). The reaction mixture is hydrogenated as in the general procedure III (Step C) to obtain the product, 2-(ethylamino)-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)aniline (240 mg). 0297 A mixture of the diamine formed as above (0.5 mmol) and the aldehyde (0.5 mmol) obtained from the reduction of BOC(O-benzyl)-Tyr-OH (described earlier) are used according to the general procedure IV to afford the product, 2-(1R)-2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1-ethyl-3-ethyl-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole (140 mg). LC: Tr 2.01 min; MS: m/z 602.0 (MH).
EXAMPLE 12 0298430299 50 mg of the Example 10 is stirred in 4 M HCl in dioxane (1 mL) overnight. Solvent is then removed in vacuo and the residue obtained is triturated with ether and stirred. The ether is decanted off and the ether wash is repeated twice more. The product is then dried under vacuum to afford the 2-(1R)-2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-amino-1-ethyl-3-(3-diethylamino-1-propyl)-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole as hydrochloride salt (35 mg). LC: Tr 0.85 min; MS: m/z 587.0 (MH).
EXAMPLE 13 0300440301 A solution of 2-fluoro-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)nitrobenzene (2 mmol; preparation described in Example 5) in THF (5 mL) is treated with benzylamine (2.4 mmol) at rt. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is redissolved in EtOAc (10 mL), washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, water, and brine. The organic phase is then dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the product, 2-(benzylamino)-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)nitrobenzene (620 mg) which was used for further transformation without further purification. 0302 The nitroamine (1 mmol) obtained as above is dissolved in ethanol (10 mL) and treated with tin (II) chloride dihydrate (5 mmol). The contents are then refluxed overnight according to the general procedure II (Step B). The crude aniline (280 mg) is used for further transformation without any purification. 0303 A mixture of the diamine formed as above (0.5 mmol) and the aldehyde (0.5 mmol) obtained from the reduction of BOC(O-benzyl)-Tyr-OH (described earlier) are used according to the general procedure IV to afford the product, 2-(1R)-2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1-ethyl-3-benzyl-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole (160 mg). LC: Tr 2.04 min; MS: m/z 664.0 (MH).
EXAMPLE 14 0304450305 45 mg of the Example 13 is stirred in 4 M HCl in dioxane (1 mL) overnight. Solvent is then removed in vacuo and the residue obtained is triturated with ether and stirred. The ether is decanted off and the ether wash is repeated twice more. The product is then dried under vacuum to afford the 2-(1R)-2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-amino-i-ethyl-3-benzyl-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole as hydrochloride salt (30 mg). LC: Tr 1.97 min; MS: m/z 564.0 (MH).
EXAMPLE 15 0306460307 A solution of 2-fluoro-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)nitrobenzene (2 mmol; preparation described in Example 5) in THF (5 mL) is treated with propylamine (3 mmol) at rt. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is redissolved in EtOAc (10 mL), washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, water, and brine. The organic phase is then dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent is removed in vacuo to afford the product, 2-(propylamino)-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)nitrobenzene (540 mg) which was used for further transformation without further purification. 0308 The nitroamine obtained as above (1.0 mmol) is dissolved in EtOH (5 mL) and added with 10% Pd/C (100 mg). The reaction mixture is hydrogenated as in the general procedure III (Step C) to obtain the product, 2-(propylamino)-4-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)aniline (270 mg). 0309 A mixture of the diamine formed as above (0.5 mmol) and the aldehyde (0.5 mmol) obtained from the reduction of BOC(O-benzyl)-Tyr-OH (described earlier) are used according to the general procedure IV to afford the product, 2-(1R)-2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-1-ethyl-3-propyl-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole (150 mg). LC: Tr 2.1 min; MS: m/z 616.0 (MH).
EXAMPLE 16 0310470311 45 mg of the Example 15 is stirred in 4 M HCl in dioxane (1 mL) overnight. Solvent is then removed in vacuo and the residue obtained is triturated with ether and stirred. The ether is decanted off and the ether wash is repeated twice more. The product is then dried under vacuum to afford the 2-(1R)-2-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-1-amino-1-ethyl-3-propyl-5-(3-diethylamino-1-propoxy)benzimidazole as hydrochloride salt (35 mg). LC: Tr 1.82 min; MS: m/z 516.0 (MH). 0312 Biological Assay 0313 The following assay method is utilized to identify compounds of Formula (I) which are effective in binding with RAGE, and hence useful as modulators, preferably antagonists of RAGE. This method is also described and claimed in co-pending U.S. Ser. No. 09/799,152 (Attorney Docket TTP2000-02) filed on this date. 0314 General Assay Procedure 0315 S100b, -amyloid and CML (500 ng/100 L/well) in 100 mM sodium bicarbonate/sodium carbonate buffer (pH 9.8) is loaded onto the wells of a NUNC Maxisorp flat bottom 96-well microtitre plate. The plate is incubated at 4 C. overnight. The wells are aspirated and treated with 50 mM imidazole buffer saline (pH 7.2) (with 1 mM CaCl2/MgCl2) containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) (300 L/wellI) for two h at 37 C. The wells are aspirated and washed 3 times (400 L/well) with 155 mM NaCl pH 7.2 buffer saline and soaked 10 seconds between each wash. 0316 Test compounds are dissolved in nanopure water (concentration: 10-100 M). DMSO may be used as co-solvent. 25 L of test compound solution in 2% DMSO is added, along with 75 L sRAGE (4.0104 mg/mL FAC) to each well and samples are incubated for 1 h at 37 C. The wells are washed 3 times with 155 mM NaCl pH 7.2 buffer saline and are soaked 10 seconds between each wash. 0317 Non-radioactive binding is performed by adding: 0318 10 L Biotinylated goat F(ab)2 Anti-mouse IgG. (8.0104 mg/mL, FAC) 0319 10 L Alkaline phosphatase Sterptavidin (3103 mg/mL FAC) 0320 10 L Polyclonal antibody for sRAGE (FAC 6.0103 mg/mL) 0321 to 5 mL 50 mM imidazole buffer saline (pH 7.2) containing 0.2% bovine serum albumin and 1 mM CaCl2. The mixture is incubated for 30 minutes at 37 C. 100 L complex is added to each well and incubation is allowed to proceed at rt for 1 h. Wells are washed 3 times with wash buffer and soaked 10 s between each wash. 100 L lmg/mL (pNPP) in 1 M diethanolamine (pH adjusted to 9.8 with HCl) is added. Color is allowed to develop in the dark for 1 to 2 h at rt. The reaction is quenched with 10 L of stop solution (0.5 N NaOH in 50% ethanol) and the absorbance is measured spectrophotometrically with a microplate reader at 405 nm. 0322 The following compounds of Formula 1 were tested according to the assay method described above. 0323 IC50 (M) of ELISA assay represents the concentration of compound at which 50% signal has been inhibited. 2ELISA Assay IC50 (M)CarboxymethylLysineExample No.S-100 bAmyloid-(CML)12345NA678910111213141516NA ELISA assay data not available Key <0.5 M Between 0.5 M and 1 M Between 1 M and 5 M Between 5 M and 10 M Between 10 M and 20 M
0324 The invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the RAGE modulating compounds of the invention. The term pharmaceutical composition is used herein to denote a composition that may be administered to a mammalian host, e.g., orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation spray, or rectally, in unit dosage formulations containing conventional non-toxic carriers, diluents, adjuvants, vehicles and the like. The term parenteral as used herein, includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intracisternal injection, or by infusion techniques. 0325 The pharmaceutical compositions containing a compound of the invention may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous, or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsions, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs. Compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any known method, and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents, and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets may contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. These excipients may be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example corn starch or alginic acid; binding agents, for example, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed. They may also be coated by the techniques described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,356,108; 4,166,452; and 4,265,874, incorporated herein by reference, to form osmotic therapeutic tablets for controlled release. 0326 Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules where the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or a soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil. 0327 Aqueous suspensions may contain the active compounds in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions. Such excipients are suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents may be a naturally-occurring phosphatide such as lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example, heptadecaethyl-eneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin. 0328 Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as a liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alchol. Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide a palatable oral preparation. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid. 0329 Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active compound in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example, sweetening, flavoring, and coloring agents may also be present. 0330 The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example, olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example a liquid paraffin, or a mixture thereof. Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents. 0331 Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative and flavoring and coloring agents. The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectible aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known methods using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents described above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conveniently employed as solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed using synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables. 0332 The compositions may also be in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the compounds of the invention. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will thus melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols, for example. 0333 For topical use, creams, ointments, jellies, solutions of suspensions, etc., containing the compounds of the invention are contemplated. For the purpose of this application, topical applications shall include mouth washes and gargles. The compounds of the present invention may also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes may be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine, or phosphatidylcholines. Also provided by the present invention are prodrugs of the invention. 0334 Pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the compounds of the present invention, where a basic or acidic group is present in the structure, are also included within the scope of the invention. The term pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention which are generally prepared by reacting the free base with a suitable organic or inorganic acid or by reacting the acid with a suitable organic or inorganic base. Representative salts include the following salts: Acetate, Benzenesulfonate, Benzoate, Bicarbonate, Bisulfate, Bitartrate, Borate, Bromide, Calcium Edetate, Camsylate, Carbonate, Chloride, Clavulanate, Citrate, Dihydrochloride, Edetate, Edisylate, Estolate, Esylate, Fumarate, Gluceptate, Gluconate, Glutamate, Glycollylarsanilate, Hexylresorcinate, Hydrabamine, Hydrobromide, Hydrocloride, Hydroxynaphthoate, Iodide, Isethionate, Lactate, Lactobionate, Laurate, Malate, Maleate, Mandelate, Methanesulfonate, Methylbromide, Methylnitrate, Methylsulfate, Monopotassium Maleate, Mucate, Napsylate, Nitrate, N-methylglucamine, Oxalate, Pamoate (Embonate), Palmitate, Pantothenate, Phosphate/diphosphate, Polygalacturonate, Potassium, Salicylate, Sodium, Stearate, Subacetate, Succinate, Tannate, Tartrate, Teoclate, Tosylate, Triethiodide, Trimethylammonium and Valerate. When an acidic substituent is present, such as-COOH, there can be formed the ammonium, morpholinium, sodium, potassium, barium, calcium salt, and the like, for use as the dosage form. When a basic group is present, such as amino or a basic heteroaryl radical, such as pyridyl, an acidic salt, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, phosphate, sulfate, trifluoroacetate, trichloroacetate, acetate, oxlate, maleate, pyruvate, malonate, succinate, citrate, tartarate, fumarate, mandelate, benzoate, cinnamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, picrate and the like, and include acids related to the pharmaceutically-acceptable salts listed in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 66, 2 (1977) p. 1-19. 0335 Other salts which are not pharmaceutically acceptable may be useful in the preparation of compounds of the invention and these form a further aspect of the invention. 0336 In addition, some of the compounds of the present invention may form solvates with water or common organic solvents. Such solvates are also encompassed within the scope of the invention. 0337 Thus, in a further embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or prodrug therof, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or diluents. 0338 The compounds of the present invention selectively act as modulators of RAGE binding to a single endogenous ligand, i.e., selective modulators of -amyloid-RAGE interaction, and therefore are especially advantageous in treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. 0339 Further, the compounds of the present invention act as modulators of RAGE interaction with two or more endogenous ligands in preference to others. Such compounds are advantageous in treatment of related or unrelated pathologies mediated by RAGE, i.e., Alzheimer's disease and cancer. 0340 Further, the compounds of the present invention act as modulators of RAGE binding to each and every one of its ligands, thereby preventing the generation of oxidative stress and activation of NF-B regulated genes, such as the cytokines IL-1, and TNF-. Thus, antagonizing the binding of physiological ligands to RAGE prevent targeted pathophysiological consequences and useful for management or treatment of diseases, i.e., AGE-RAGE interaction leading to diabetic complications, S100/EN-RAGE/calgranulin-RAGE interaction leading to inflammatory diseases, -amyloid-RAGE interaction leading to Alzheimer's Disease, and amphoterin-RAGE interaction leading to cancer. 0341 I. RAGE and the Complications of Diabetes 0342 As noted above, the compounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment of the complications of diabetes. It has been shown that nonenzymatic glycoxidation of macromolecules ultimately resulting in the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) is enhanced at sites of inflammation, in renal failure, in the presence of hyperglycemia and other conditions associated with systemic or local oxidant stress (Dyer, D., et al., J. Clin. Invest., 91:2463-2469 (1993); Reddy, S., et al., Biochem., 34:10872-10878 (1995); Dyer, D., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 266:11654-11660 (1991); Degenhardt, T., et al., Cell Mol. Biol., 44:1139-1145 (1998)). Accumulation of AGEs in the vasculature can occur focally, as in the joint amyloid composed of AGE-2-microglobulin found in patients with dialysis-related amyloidosis (Miyata, T., et al., J. Clin. Invest, 92:1243-1252 (1993); Miyata, T., et al., J. Clin. Invest, 98:1088-1094 (1996)), or generally, as exemplified by the vasculature and tissues of patients with diabetes (Schmidt, A-M., et al., Nature Med., 1:1002-1004 (1995)). The progressive accumulation of AGEs over time in patients with diabetes suggests that endogenous clearance mechanisms are not able to function effectively at sites of AGE deposition. Such accumulated AGEs have the capacity to alter cellular properties by a number of mechanisms. Although RAGE is expressed at low levels in normal tissues and vasculature, in an environment where the receptor's ligands accumulate, it has been shown that RAGE becomes upregulated (Li, J. et al., J. Biol. Chem., 272:16498-16506 (1997); Li, J., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 273:30870-30878 (1998); Tanaka, N., et al., J. Biol. Chem,. 275:25781-25790(2000)). RAGE expression is increased in endothelium, smooth muscle cells and infiltrating mononuclear phagocytes in diabetic vasculature. Also, studies in cell culture have demonstrated that AGE-RAGE interaction caused changes in cellular properties important in vascular homeostasis. 0343 II. RAGE and Cellular Dysfunction in the Amyloidoses 0344 Also as noted above, the compounds of the present invention are useful in treating amyloidoses and Alzheimer's disease. RAGE appears to be a cell surface receptor which binds -sheet fibrillar material regardless of the composition of the subunits (amyloid- peptide, A, amylin, serum amyloid A, prion-derived peptide) (Yan, S. -D., et al., Nature, 382:685-691 (1996); Yan, S-D., et al., Nat. Med., 6:643-651 (2000)). Deposition of amyloid has been shown to result in enhanced expression of RAGE. For example, in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), RAGE expression increases in neurons and glia (Yan, S. -D., et al., Nature 382:685-691 (1996)). The consequences of A interaction with RAGE appear to be quite different on neurons versus microglia. Whereas microglia become activated as a consequence of A-RAGE interaction, as reflected by increased motility and expression of cytokines, early RAGE-mediated neuronal activation is superceded by cytotoxicity at later times. Further evidence of a role for RAGE in cellular interactions of A concerns inhibition of A -induced cerebral vasoconstriction and transfer of the peptide across the blood-brain barrier to brain parenchyma when the receptor was blocked (Kumar, S., et al., Neurosci. Program, p141-275.19 (2000)). Inhibition of RAGE-amyloid interaction has been shown to decrease expression of cellular RAGE and cell stress markers (as well as NF-B activation), and diminish amyloid deposition (Yan, S-D., et al., Nat. Med., 6:643-651 (2000)) suggesting a role for RAGE-amyloid interaction in both perturbation of cellular properties in an environment enriched for amyloid (even at early stages) as well as in amyloid accumulation. 0345 III. RAGE and Propagation of the Immune/Inflammatory Response 0346 As noted above, the compounds of the present invention are useful in treating inflammation. For example, S100/calgranulins have been shown to comprise a family of closely related calcium-binding polypeptides characterized by two EF-hand regions linked by a connecting peptide (Schafer, B. et al., TIBS, 21:134-140 (1996); Zimmer, D., et al., Brain Res. Bull., 37:417-429 (1995); Rammes, A., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 272:9496-9502 (1997); Lugering, N., et al., Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 25:659-664 (1995)). Although they lack signal peptides, it has long been known that S100/calgranulins gain access to the extracellular space, especially at sites of chronic immune/inflammatory responses, as in cystic fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis. RAGE is a receptor for many members of the S100/calgranulin family, mediating their proinflammatory effects on cells such as lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes. Also, studies on delayed-type hypersensitivity response, colitis in IL-10 null mice, collagen-induced arthritis, and experimental autoimmune encephalitis models suggest that RAGE-ligand interaction (presumably with S100/calgranulins) has a proximal role in the inflammatory cascade. 0347 IV. RAGE and Amphoterin 0348 As noted above, the compounds of the present invention are useful in treating tumor and tumor metastasis. For example, amphoterin is a high mobility group I nonhistone chromosomal DNA binding protein (Rauvala, H., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 262:16625-16635 (1987); Parkikinen, J., et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268:19726-19738 (1993)) which has been shown to interact with RAGE. It has been shown that amphoterin promotes neurite outgrowth, as well as serving as a surface for assembly of protease complexes in the fibrinolytic system (also known to contribute to cell mobility). In addition, a local tumor growth inhibitory effect of blocking RAGE has been observed in a primary tumor model (C6 glioma), the Lewis lung metastasis model (Taguchi, A., et al., Nature 405:354-360 (2000)), and spontaneously arising papillomas in mice expressing the v-Ha-ras transgene (Leder, A., et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87:9178-9182 (1990)). 0349 Amphoterin is a high mobility group I nonhistone chromosomal DNA binding protein (Rauvala, H. and R. Pihlaskari. 1987. Isolation and some characteristics of an adhesive factor of brain that enhances neurite outgrowth in central neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 262:16625-16635. (Parkikinen, J., E. Raulo, J. Merenmies, R. Nolo, E. Kajander, M. Baumann, and H. Rauvala. 1993. Amphoterin, the 30 kDa protein in a family of HIMG1-type polypeptides. J. Biol. Chem. 268:19 726-19738). 0350 V. RAGE and Erectile Dysfunction 0351 Relaxation of the smooth muscle cells in the cavernosal arterioles and sinuses results in increased blood flow into the penis, raising corpus cavernosum pressure to culminate in penile erection. Nitric oxide is considered the principle stimulator of cavernosal smooth muscle relaxation (See Wingard C J, Clinton W, Branam H, Stopper V S, Lewis R W, Mills T M, Chitaley K. Antagonism of Rho-kinase stimulates rat penile erection via a nitric oxide-independent pathway. Nature Medicine 2001 January; 7(1):119-122). RAGE activation produces oxidants (See Yan, S-D., Schmidt A-M., Anderson, G., Zhang, J., Brett, J., Zou, Y-S., Pinsky, D., and Stern, D. Enhanced cellular oxidant stress by the interaction of advanced glycation endproducts with their receptors/binding proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 269:9889-9887, 1994.) via an NADH oxidase-like enzyme, therefore suppressing the circulation of nitric oxide. Potentially by inhibiting the activation of RAGE signaling pathways by decreasing the intracellular production of AGEs, generation of oxidants will be attenuated. RAGE blockers may promote and facilitate penile erection by blocking the access of ligands to RAGE. 0352 The calcium-sensitizing Rho-kinase pathway may play a synergistic role in cavernosal vasoconstriction to maintain penile flaccidity. The antagonism of Rho-kinase results in increased corpus cavernosum pressure, initiating the erectile response independently of nitric oxide (Wingard et al.). One of the signaling mechanisms activated by RAGE involves the Rho-kinase family such as cdc42 and rac (See Huttunen H J, Fages C, Rauvala H. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE)-mediated neurite outgrowth and activation of NF-kappaB require the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor but different downstream signaling pathways. J Biol Chem Jul. 9, 1999; 274(28):19919-24). Thus, inhibiting activation of Rho-kinases via suppression of RAGE signaling pathways will enhance and stimulate penile erection independently of nitric oxide. 0353 Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for the inhibition of the interaction of RAGE with physiological ligands. In a preferred embodiment of this aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating a disease state selected from the group consisting of acute and chronic inflammation, vascular permeability, nephropathy, atherosclerosis, retinopathy, Alzheimer's disease, erectile dysfunction, and tumor invasion and/or metastasis, which comprises administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of the present invention, preferably a pharmacologically effective amount, more preferably a therapeutically effective amount. In a preferred embodiment, at least one compound of Formula (I) is utilized, either alone or in combination with one or more known therapeutic agents. In a further preferred embodiment, the present invention provides method of prevention and/or treatment of RAGE mediated human diseases, treatment comprising alleviation of one or more symptoms resulting from that disorder, to an outright cure for that particular disorder or prevention of the onset of the disorder, the method comprising administration to a human in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, preferably a compound of Formula (I). 0354 In this method, factors which will influence what constitutes an effective amount will depend upon the size and weight of the subject, the biodegradability of the therapeutic agent, the activity of the therapeutic agent, as well as its bioavailability. As used herein, the phrase a subject in need thereof includes mammalian subjects, preferably humans, who either suffer from one or more of the aforesaid diseases or disease states or are at risk for such. Accordingly, in the context of the therapeutic method of the invention, this method also is comprised of a method for treating a mammalian subject prophylactically, or prior to the onset of diagnosis such disease(s) or disease state(s). 0355 In a further aspect of the present invention, the RAGE modulators of the invention are utilized in adjuvant therapeutic or combination therapeutic treatments with other known therapeutic agents. 0356 The term treatment as used herein, refers to the full spectrum of treatments for a given disorder from which the patient is suffering, including alleviation of one, most of all symptoms resulting from that disorder, to an outright cure for the particular disorder or prevention of the onset of the disorder. 0357 The following is a non-exhaustive listing of adjuvants and additional therapeutic agents which may be utilized in combination with the RAGE modulators of the present invention: 0358 Pharmacologic classifications of anticancer agents: 0359 1. Alkylating agents: Cyclophosphamide, nitrosoureas, carboplatin, cisplatin, procarbazine 0360 2. Antibiotics: Bleomycin, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin 0361 3. Antimetabolites: Methotrexate, Cytarabine, Fluorouracil 0362 4. Plant alkaloids: Vinblastine, Vincristine, Etoposide, Paclitaxel, 0363 5. Hormones: Tamoxifen, Octreotide acetate, Finasteride, Flutamide 0364 6. Biologic response modifiers: Interferons, Interleukins, 0365 Pharmacologic Classifications of Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis (Inflammation) 0366 1. Analgesics: Aspirin 0367 2. NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs): Ibuprofen, Naproxen, Diclofenac 0368 3. DMARDs (Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic drugs): Methotrexate, gold preparations, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine 0369 4. Biologic Response Modifiers, DMARDs: Etanercept, Infliximab Glucocorticoids 0370 Pharmacologic Classifications of Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus 0371 1. Sulfonylureas: Tolbutamide, Tolazamide, Glyburide, Glipizide 0372 2. Biguanides: Metformin 0373 3. Miscellaneous oral agents: Acarbose, Troglitazone 0374 4. Insulin 0375 Pharmacologic Classifications of Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease 0376 1. Cholinesterase Inhibitor: Tacrine, Donepezil 0377 2. Antipsychotics: Haloperidol, Thioridazine 0378 3. Antidepressants: Desipramine, Fluoxetine, Trazodone, Paroxetine 0379 4. Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine, Valproic acid 0380 In a further preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating RAGE mediated diseases, the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) in combination with therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, antibiotics, hormones, biologic response modifiers, analgesics, NSAIDs, DMARDs, glucocorticoids, sulfonylureas, biguanides, insulin, cholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. In a further preferred embodiment, the present invention provides the pharmaceutical composition of the invention as described above, further comprising one or more therapeutic agents selected from the group consisting of alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, antibiotics, hormones, biologic response modifiers, analgesics, NSAIDs, DMARDs, glucocorticoids, sulfonylureas, biguanides, insulin, cholinesterase inhibitors, antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants. 0381 Generally speaking, the compound of the present invention, preferably Formula (I), is administered at a dosage level of from about 0.01 to 500 mg/kg of the body weight of the subject being treated, with a preferred dosage range between 0.01 and 200 mg/kg, most preferably 0.1 to 100 mg/kg of body weight per day. The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. For example, a formulation intended for oral administration to humans may contain 1 mg to 2 grams of a compound of Formula (I) with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material which may vary from about 5 to 95 percent of the total composition. Dosage unit forms will generally contain between from about 5 mg to about 500 mg of active ingredient. This dosage has to be individualized by the clinician based on the specific clinical condition of the subject being treated. Thus, it will be understood that the specific dosage level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy. 0382 While the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to certain preferred embodiments therof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various changes, modifications and substitutions can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, effective dosages other than the preferred dosages as set forth herein may be applicable as a consequence of variations in the responsiveness of the mammal being treated for RAGE-mediated disease(s). Likewise, the specific pharmacological responses observed may vary according to and depending on the particular active compound selected or whether there are present pharmaceutical carriers, as well as the type of formulation and mode of administration employed, and such expected variations or differences in the results are contemplated in accordance with the objects and practices of the present invention.
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