Method and device for realizing stable plasma confinement by pressure of AC magnetic field which can be used for controlled nuclear fusion | Patent Publication Number 20090290673
US 20090290673 A1The invention relates to method and devices for producing stable hot plasma. In particular, the invention can be applied for realizing stable plasma in a thermonuclear reactor to provide energy source for power generation. In the method plasma is confined by pressure of AC magnetic field concentrated in a layer between plasma surface and surrounding conducting shell in which stabilizing feedback on the confined plasma is created by achieving conservation of the AC magnetic flux amplitude. The device for realization of the proposed method comprises a toroidal conducting shell filled with plasma, with AC voltages applied to insulated cuts in the shell made in poloidal and toroidal directions such that said AC magnetic field is created by AC currents in the shell and image currents on the plasma surface. The amplitudes and relative phases of said voltages are rather arbitrary, in particular they can be selected such that the resultant magnetic vector rotates in the plane tangential to the plasma surface with nearly circular polarization exerting nearly time independent magnetic pressure on the plasma.
- 1. A method of plasma creation and stable confinement by pressure of AC electric and magnetic fields, with the frequency of said fields such that the size of the confined plasma is substantially smaller than the wave length of electromagnetic wave propagating in vacuum with the same frequency, with polarization of said magnetic field being different from linear, with special feedback arrangement between perturbations of plasma boundary and said electromagnetic field such that said feedback produces a stabilizing effect on said plasma boundary.
- 5. A method of producing and confining plasma in which an electric discharge is generated in a gaseous working medium inside a chamber by subjecting said medium to the action of electromagnetic oscillations, with wall of said chamber having a generally toroidal topology, said toroidal topology defining a torus with a hole, a cyclic toroidal direction encircling said hole, and a cyclic poloidal direction generally orthogonal to said toroidal direction, with the frequency of said oscillations such that the minor radius of said chamber is substantially smaller than the wave length of electromagnetic wave propagating in vacuum with the same frequency, with amplitudes of AC magnetic field in said electromagnetic oscillations having nonzero components in the poloidal and toroidal directions inside said chamber in the vicinity of said wall, with said AC magnetic field generated by AC currents driven in said wall of said chamber and by image currents in said plasma.
- 6. A device for producing and confining plasma comprising:na. a toroidal chamber adapted for receiving working gasses and for containing said plasma,b. a chamber wall in a form of a shell having a generally toroidal topology, said toroidal topology defining a torus with a hole, a cyclic toroidal direction encircling said hole, and a cyclic poloidal direction generally orthogonal to said toroidal direction, said shell made from an electrically conducting material, with two narrow cuts in said shell made in substantially toroidal and poloidal directions and sealed with a dielectric material such that no gas or plasma can pass through said cuts and there is no electrical continuity of said shell in toroidal and poloidal directions,c. AC power sources, generating voltages with the same frequency and nonzero amplitudes, with said power sources connected across said toroidal and poloidal cuts in said shell via transmission lines,
This application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/054,656 filed May 20, 2008.
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The present invention relates to the plasma confinement methods in which plasma is insulated from material boundaries by the pressure of oscillating electromagnetic field. The time averaged pressure of electromagnetic field balances plasma pressure preventing plasma from expanding and contacting material boundaries. The electromagnetic field penetrates into plasma on a few skin depths such that most of the plasma volume is approximately field free. This requires that the frequency of the confining field be smaller than the electron plasma frequency, ω<ωpe. The same field confines and heats plasma.
Among such plasma confinement concepts the present invention belongs to a class in which the frequency of the confining field f is in the lower range such that the size of the device b is much smaller than the wave length of electromagnetic wave in vacuum propagating at the same frequency,
where c is the speed of light. This condition distinguishes the present concept from more widely studied concepts known in the art as plasma confinement in resonant cavities which operate at high frequencies such that the wave length of the confining field is comparable with the size of the device. The physics of plasma confinement in the two regimes is different, especially when plasma equilibrium and stability are considered. Due to the condition (1), in the present concept magnetic pressure significantly exceeds the contribution to the pressure from the electric field such that plasma is confined by the pressure of oscillating magnetic field. Because plasma is a good electrical conductor, the component of this magnetic field perpendicular to the plasma surface is approximately zero, and the confining magnetic field is nearly tangential to the plasma surface. Thus the polarization of this field is defined in planes tangential to the plasma surface. AC fields whose frequency satisfies the condition (1) are known in the art as quasistationary fields.
According to the present invention the confining oscillating magnetic field is generated in a layer between the plasma surface and conducting shell surrounding plasma volume with special feedback arrangement between perturbations of plasma boundary and said electromagnetic field such that said feedback produces a stabilizing effect on said plasma boundary. This stabilizing feedback is realized by the condition that the amplitude of oscillating magnetic flux through any section of the volume surrounded by the shell is conserved. Since the AC magnetic field does not penetrate far into the conducting unmagnetized plasma the conservation of the amplitude of magnetic flux constraint fixes magnetic flux amplitudes through sections of the layer between plasma surface and the conducting shell. In order to effectively confine plasma said amplitudes of magnetic fluxes have to be essentially nonzero in different directions in the local planes tangential to the plasma surface. This conservation of magnetic flux amplitude constraint along with the assumption that said amplitudes of magnetic fluxes are nonzero insures that the plasma boundary is in a stable equilibrium with the confining magnetic field. In this case a displacement of the plasma boundary toward the shell results in a local increase of time averaged magnetic pressure and restoration of the plasma equilibrium.
According to the present invention this plasma confinement method is implemented in toroidal device. Plasma is created and confined in toroidal chamber which is bounded by toroidal shell made from an electrically conducting material. AC voltages are applied to narrow insulated cuts in the shell made in poloidal and toroidal directions such that the confining AC magnetic field is created by AC currents in the shell and by image currents on the plasma surface. For the frequencies of interest the toroidal shell can be approximated as a perfect conductor such that path integrals of tangential electric field along any closed path along the shell's surface (considering insulated gaps as part of the shell) are equal to the gain of voltages across said narrow gaps. The amplitudes of these voltages are defined by the amplitudes of AC voltages applied to the gaps. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, considered for the given frequency, the amplitudes of AC magnetic flux through sections of the volume surrounded by said shell are proportional to the amplitudes of voltages gained at the intersections of said sections with said insulated gaps. When the amplitudes of the voltages applied to the gaps are fixed, the amplitudes of AC magnetic fluxes through these sections are conserved providing the necessary condition for the plasma confinement in this arrangement.
To confine plasma the vectors of AC magnetic field have to be essentially nonzero in different directions in the local planes tangential to the plasma surface. This restricts the amplitudes and relative phases of the voltages applied to the insulated cuts in the toroidal shell. The detailed analysis of the plasma equilibrium and stability in this concept is published by the applicant in Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 14, p. 102512 (2007) and in Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 50, p. 085017 (2008). The results of this analysis showed that plasma can be maintained in a state of stable equilibrium for a wide range of polarizations of the confining magnetic field in the plane tangential to the plasma surface excluding the case when this polarization is linear. Thus, according to the present invention the amplitudes of the voltages applied to the gaps in the toroidal shell are such that neither one of them is equal to zero.
When magnetic vector of the confining field rotates in the plane tangential to the plasma surface the magnetic pressure on the plasma is time independent and the plasma equilibrium is most quiescent. Thus in the preferred embodiment of the invention the amplitudes and relative phases of the applied voltages are such that the polarization of the confining magnetic field is nearly circular.
For the conducting shell surrounding the plasma volume to play a role of a flux conserver for the amplitude of the confining magnetic field, the currents generating said field have to be driven directly in said shell by the voltages with fixed amplitudes. Such shell plays an active role in plasma confinement, it provides the necessary feedback to stabilize the plasma boundary. Arrangements when the confining AC magnetic field is created by AC currents in external windings are subject of the prior art. In these cases the condition of conservation of the magnetic flux amplitude is not satisfied and there is no plasma equilibrium or stability. In some prior arrangements with the AC magnetic field driven by the external windings a conducting shell surrounding the plasma volume was placed between the plasma and the windings with several cuts made in the shell to allow the AC magnetic flux penetrate inside the volume surrounded by the shell. Such passive shell is not a flux conserver for the confining magnetic field—magnetic flux can flow through the gaps in the shell, such that plasma is not in a stable equilibrium in these cases either. Even closely spaced windings surrounding the plasma volume and generating the confining field can not substitute for the continuous conducting shell because the orthogonal sets of windings in such arrangements are not interconnected electrically with each other and the magnetic flux can flow rather freely through them. Thus the main difference of the present invention with the prior art is that here the confining magnetic field is created by driving AC currents directly in the conducting shell surrounding the plasma volume by applying AC voltages to the narrow insulated gaps in the shell such that the latter acts as a flux conserver for the amplitude of said field.
Plasma confinement concepts of this kind were initially studied with the goal to develop a fusion reactor for electricity generation. First ideas on plasma confinement by the pressure of magnetic field rotating in the plane tangential to the plasma surface at the lower frequencies were formulated in 1950s by J. Berkowitz, H. Grad and H. Rubin in Proceedings of the 2nd United Nations International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Vol. 31, p. 187 (1958), by J. L. Tuck in the same publication, Vol. 32, p. 3 and by M. U. Clauser and E. S. Weibel in the same publication, Vol. 32, p. 161. Also this idea was formulated by D. W. Kerst in U.S. Pat. No. 3,026,447 issued Mar. 20, 1962. It was recognized that when magnetic field has circular polarization in the plane tangential to the plasma surface then the pressure exerted by this field on plasma is time independent, which could result in a quiescent plasma equilibrium.
At that time, however, the importance of how exactly this rotating magnetic field is generated was not recognized. Stability analysis of the plasma boundary supported by the rotating magnetic field was made in the mentioned publication by Berkowitz et. al. (1958). It showed that this boundary is unstable to small perturbations, with the conclusion that this concept is not suitable for plasma confinement. This stability analysis corresponded to the case when the AC magnetic field is created by currents in external windings located far away from the plasma boundary. In the mentioned publication by M. U. Clauser et. al. (1958) and in later works by E. S. Weibel in Physics of Fluids Vol. 3, p. 946 (1960) and by F. Troyon in Physics of Fluids Vol. 10, p. 2660 (1967) it was acknowledged that a conducting shell closely placed to the plasma boundary can stabilize the latter, but it seems that the physics of such stabilization was not completely understood such that the idea of active flux conserving shell was not formulated and plasma confinement arrangement similar to the present invention was not proposed.
Some limited experimental studies of the plasma confinement by rotating magnetic field followed the above theoretical analysis of this concept. These studies were reported by P. C. T. van der Laan and L. H. Th. Rietjens in Nuclear Fusion Supplement Part 2, p. 693 (1962), by I. R. Jones, A. Lietti and J. M. Peiry in Plasma Physics, Vol. 10, p. 213 (1968) and by A. Berney, A. Heym, F. Hofmann and I. R. Jones in Plasma Physics, Vol. 13, p. 611 (1971). In these experiments the conducting shell surrounding the plasma played a passive role. The confining AC magnetic field was at least partially created by external windings and the gaps were made in the shell to allow magnetic flux penetrate inside the chamber. In these configurations the conducting shell is not a flux conserver and its effect on plasma equilibrium and stability is significantly diminished. In these reports the idea of active toroidal flux conserving shell surrounding the plasma volume, which is the subject of the present invention, was not mentioned. Plasma parameters achieved in these experiments were not competitive with the ones achieved in other magnetic confinement concepts such that, to the best of our knowledge, the idea of plasma confinement by rotating magnetic field was abandoned at that time.
Present invention nontrivially modifies the old idea of plasma confinement by rotating magnetic field by introducing a new arrangement in which plasma is in a stable equilibrium with said field, thus making this plasma confinement concept competitive with the other magnetic confinement concepts. Relatively simple design and stability of plasma equilibrium in toroidal devices based on the present idea can result in that such devices will become conventional plasma confinement devices for confining plasmas with a broad range of temperatures and densities, used in numerous plasma applications. This invention can be used in variety of industrial processes, in which the use of the device with stable plasma equilibrium constitutes a pioneering step. These processes include: destroying gaseous toxic waste, processing semiconductors, generating reactive gases, enhancing gaseous chemical processes, etc. These devices can also be used as plasma sources. When operating with high temperature plasmas, these devices can be used as sources of ultraviolet and X-ray radiation (emitted from high Z ions) and as sources of neutrons derived from fusion reactions. One of the applications of this invention is to confine fusion grade plasmas in thermonuclear reactors to provide energy source for power generation. Fusion reactors based on this invention can be designed to have different sizes and power outputs ranging from the smaller ones, used for ships propulsion or to power small cities, to the large gigawatt level reactors.
The present invention is a plasma confinement device that can be used for creation and confinement of plasma with a wide range of densities and temperatures. In the invention plasma is confined by pressure of oscillating magnetic field concentrated in a layer between plasma surface and conducting shell surrounding the plasma volume with feedback arrangement between perturbations of plasma boundary and said magnetic field such that said feedback produces a stabilizing effect on said plasma boundary. This stabilizing feedback is realized by said shell acting as a flux conserver for the amplitudes of AC magnetic fluxes associated with said AC magnetic field. The frequency of this magnetic field is such that the size of the device is much smaller than the wave length of electromagnetic wave propagating in vacuum with the same frequency. This conservation of magnetic flux amplitudes constraint along with the assumption that the amplitudes of said magnetic fluxes are nonzero in different directions along the plasma boundary insures that the latter is in a state of stable equilibrium with the confining magnetic field. The possibility of stable plasma equilibria in this invention is the main advantage of the present idea when compared with the prior art related to such plasma confinement concepts, meaning that much less power is needed to maintain plasma with particular parameters than in the prior art and also that the previously inaccessible high temperature regimes can now be reached.
According to the present invention this general plasma confinement idea is implemented in toroidal device. Plasma is created and confined in toroidal chamber bounded by toroidal conducting shell. AC voltages are applied to narrow insulated cuts in the shell made in poloidal and toroidal directions such that the confining AC magnetic field is created by AC currents in the shell and by image currents on the plasma surface. When the amplitudes of these voltages are approximately fixed, the amplitudes of AC magnetic fluxes through sections between the plasma surface and the shell are conserved providing the necessary condition for stable plasma equilibrium in this arrangement. In the preferred embodiment of the invention the amplitudes and relative phases of the applied voltages are such that the polarizations of the confining magnetic field in the planes tangential to the plasma surface are nearly circular such that the magnetic pressure on plasma is nearly time independent. Simple design and stability of plasma equilibrium in toroidal devices based on this invention can make them conventional devices for confining plasmas with a broad range of temperatures and densities which can be used in numerous plasma applications.
The geometry of the device is toroidal in topological sense, it is not limited to the toroidal geometry in exact geometrical sense which has circular sections when cut along either a toroidal or poloidal plane. In general, there can be multiple toroidal and poloidal gaps in the shell 1 placed at different poloidal and toroidal locations. Placing multiple gaps in the shell and applying voltages with the same phases to alike gaps reduces the voltage drop per gap requirement which can be important for confinement of high pressure plasma. The directions and locations of toroidal and poloidal gaps in the shell can be more general than the ones shown in
For better illustration of physics of plasma confinement in this concept we introduce the device parameters, shown in
In this plasma confinement concept the frequency of confining field f is such that the size of the device b is much smaller than the wave length of electromagnetic wave in vacuum propagating at the same frequency,
where c is the speed of light. Applied voltage Vp drives current in the shell 1 substantially in poloidal direction and the image current is driven on the plasma surface (in a skin layer) in opposite direction to prevent electromagnetic field from penetrating the highly conducting plasma. Voltage Vt drives current in the shell 1 in substantially toroidal direction and similarly the image current is driven on the plasma surface in the opposite direction. Currents in the shell and image currents on the plasma surface generate electromagnetic field in a layer between plasma surface and the inner surface of the shell 1 at a<r<b, r is coordinate along the minor radius of the torus. This electromagnetic field exerts pressure on the plasma and keeps it from contacting the wall of the shell, thus providing thermal isolation of plasma from material boundaries necessary for effective plasma confinement. In the frequency range defined by the above condition, pressure due to magnetic component of electromagnetic field dominates pressure due to electric field in the layer a<r<b such that plasma is confined by pressure of magnetic field created by oscillating currents in the shell and image currents on the plasma surface driven by the applied voltages Vp and Vt. At these low frequencies the currents driven by the voltages applied to the gaps are distributed evenly along the toroidal and poloidal directions such that the resultant magnetic field is distributed over the whole volume in the layer between the plasma surface and toroidal shell. If the condition of Eq. (1) is not satisfied then the currents are localized near the gaps resulting in no plasma confinement in this arrangement.
For effective plasma confinement two conditions must be satisfied—plasma has to be in a state of equilibrium with the time averaged pressure of confining field and this equilibrium has to be stable with respect to small perturbations of plasma boundary. One can show that there exist a range of ratios between the amplitudes Vp and Vt and a range of phase differences Δφ between them for which plasma is in stable equilibrium in the described device. These questions are addressed in details in the mentioned publications by the applicant. This range of suitable operational parameters excludes the limiting cases when one of the amplitudes Vp or Vt is zero, or when the polarization of the confining magnetic field is linear.
Plasma equilibrium and stability are achieved in this arrangement because the toroidal shell 1 acts like a flux conserver for the amplitude of magnetic flux concentrated in the layer between plasma boundary and said shell, thus providing a stabilizing feedback between perturbations of plasma boundary and said AC magnetic field. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, considered for the frequency f and assuming that the shell 1 is a perfect conductor, the amplitudes of AC magnetic fluxes through sections of the volume surrounded by the shell 1 are proportional to the amplitudes of voltages gained at the intersections of said sections with the gaps 2,3. When the amplitudes of the voltages Vp and Vt are fixed, the amplitudes of AC magnetic fluxes through these sections are conserved, they do not depend on the exact shape of the plasma surface. Since the AC magnetic field does not penetrate far into the conducting unmagnetized plasma 9 the conservation of the amplitude of magnetic flux constraint fixes the magnetic flux amplitudes through sections of the layer between plasma surface and the toroidal shell. In this case the magnetic field in said layer acts like an elastic medium such that the time averaged magnetic pressure exerts a restoring force on the plasma boundary when the latter is displaced from its equilibrium, providing the necessary condition for plasma confinement.
As a preferred embodiment of this plasma confinement concept we choose Vp, Vt and Δφ such that the confining magnetic field is approximately circularly polarized at the plasma surface. In this case magnetic field vectors rotate in the planes tangential to the plasma surface with frequency f. The component of magnetic field normal to the plasma surface is much smaller than the tangential components since plasma is a good conductor. The choice of circularly polarized (or rotating) confining magnetic field is more suitable since in this case magnetic pressure exerted on plasma is nearly time independent resulting in a more quiescent plasma equilibrium. The confining magnetic field has approximately circular polarization at the plasma surface r≈a when
In the case when plasma radius a is not very different from radius of the shell b the first condition can be simplified as
Thus the preferred embodiment of the considered plasma confinement device is the toroidal device with a relatively large aspect ratio R/b, operating with the applied voltages Vt and Vp such that their ratio is approximately equal to the aspect ratio of the torus R/b and such that the phase difference between them is 90°.
It should be noted that while the circularly polarized (rotating) magnetic field is the optimal choice for the confining field, other field polarizations can also be used for plasma confinement in this device. Thus the object of this invention is the plasma confinement device described in FIGS. 1,2 with arbitrary values of Vt/Vp, R/b and Δφ except of the case when either Vt or Vp is equal to zero.
Additional modifications of the described device can be important in practical applications.
The use of superconducting shell is required for confinement of high pressure plasma when Ohmic losses in the shell made from ordinary conductor make this plasma confinement concept impractical. Important application of high pressure plasma confinement in this concept is confinement of fusion-grade plasma which may provide useful power from fusion reactions to generate electricity. In this case plasma is created and confined at such density and temperature that fusion reactions
D+T→He4(3.5 MeV)+n(14.1 MeV),
D+He3→He4(3.6 MeV)+p(14.7 MeV),
D+D→T(1.01 MeV)+p(3.02 MeV),
D+D→He3(0.82 MeV)+n(2.45 MeV)
can be used to generate useful power. The concept of removing heat from plasma by flow of liquid dielectric, illustrated in
In the preceding description different embodiments of the invention are described along with reference to possible modifications thereof. It will be evident that such modifications can be used independently or in a combination with other modifications described above without departing from the scope of the invention.
For the toroidal conducting shell surrounding the plasma volume to play a role of a flux conserver for the amplitude of the confining magnetic field, the currents generating the said field have to be driven directly in said shell by the AC voltages with fixed amplitudes applied to the narrow insulated cuts in the shell. Arrangements when the confining AC magnetic fields are, at least partially, created by AC currents in external windings are subject of the prior art. In these cases the condition of conservation of the magnetic flux amplitude is not satisfied and there is no plasma equilibrium or stability.
The main difference of the present invention with the prior art in
Stable plasma equilibrium in the proposed devices along with their relatively simple design can make them conventional plasma confinement devices for confining plasmas with a broad range of temperatures and densities, used in numerous plasma applications. These devices can be used in variety of industrial processes such as destroying gaseous toxic waste, processing semiconductors, generating reactive gases, enhancing gaseous chemical processes, etc. When operating with high temperature plasmas, these devices can be used as extreme ultraviolet and X-ray sources, emitted from high Z ions and as sources of neutrons and protons derived from fusion reactions. One of the applications of this invention is to confine high pressure fusion grade plasmas in thermonuclear reactors to provide energy source for power generation. Fusion reactors based on this invention can be designed to have different sizes and different power outputs ranging from megawatt to gigawatt level reactors.
In the preceding description the invention is described with reference to specific embodiments thereof. It will be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the claims. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.